Deploying smart contracts for all users

A contract account will have a lot of code needed to implement complex use cases for an application. A naive approach to using account abstraction would be to deploy the same smart contract for all your users. But this is a mistake for a few reasons.

1. It's more expensive for user's to deploy big contracts with a lot of complexity.
2. You'll be deploying the same contract over and over again but just initialized in different ways.
3. User's will need to deploy a whole new account address every time your application has a contract update.

Save gas with a Proxy

A Proxy is the solution to these problems. The account is split into two separate contracts, the Proxy and the Implementation. The first is a light weight contract that receives a call and delegates it to the second contract which has the logic.

A user can always switch the Implementation used by the Proxy. But the Proxy address will always remain consistent. This is what allows applications to have upgradable accounts for their users.

Lastly, the Proxy is also a lot smaller in size compared to the Implementation which means deployment cost for users is minimal.

Deploying a Proxy

Fortunately, there are already great packages available for building with proxies. Using an ERC1967Proxy from OpenZeppelin we can deploy one with less than 10 lines of code.

pragma solidity 0.8.9;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol";

contract AccountProxy is ERC1967Proxy {
  constructor(address logic, bytes memory data) ERC1967Proxy(logic, data) {}
}

The constructor takes two arguments:

1. logic: The address of the Implementation contract.
2. data: Typically encoded instructions to call an initialize function on the Implementation. This is used to setup storage on the Proxy.

Building the implementation

Although there are several mechanisms for building proxies and implementations, the current recommendation is to use UUPS Proxies. In this pattern, the upgrade is handled by the Implementation rather than in the Proxy. Less code in the Proxy means a smaller contract size and cheaper deployment!

Additional resources

A proxy pattern is core to building account abstraction that is fit for production. This was a quick summary, but we recommend developers also checkout the following links for a deeper dive:

• Proxy Upgrade Pattern
• Proxies